Modeling Power Electronics and Interfacing Energy Conversion Systems

Discusses the application of mathematical and engineering tools for modeling, simulation and control oriented for energy systems, power electronics and renewable energy 

This book builds on the background knowledge of electrical circuits, control of dc/dc converters and inverters, energy conversion and power electronics. The book shows readers how to apply computational methods for multi-domain simulation of energy systems and power electronics engineering problems. Each chapter has a brief introduction on the theoretical background, a description of the problems to be solved, and objectives to be achieved. Block diagrams, electrical circuits, mathematical analysis or computer code are covered. Each chapter concludes with discussions on what should be learned, suggestions for further studies and even some experimental work.

• Discusses the mathematical formulation of system equations for energy systems and power electronics aiming state-space and circuit oriented simulations
• Studies the interactions between MATLAB and Simulink models and functions with real-world implementation using microprocessors and microcontrollers
• Presents numerical integration techniques, transfer-function modeling, harmonic analysis and power quality performance assessment
• Examines existing software such as, MATLAB/Simulink, Power Systems Toolbox and PSIM to simulate power electronic circuits including the use of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar sources

The simulation files are available for readers who register with the Google Group: power-electronics-interfacing-energy-conversion-systems@googlegroups.com. After your registration you will receive information in how to access the simulation files, the Google Group can also be used to communicate with other registered readers of this book.

Marcelo Godoy Simões is the director of the Center for Advanced Control of Energy and Power Systems (ACEPS) at Colorado School of Mines. He was an US Fulbright Fellow for Aalborg University, Institute of Energy Technology (Denmark).  He is IEEE Fellow, with the citation: "for applications of artificial intelligence in control of power electronics systems." Dr. Simões is a pioneer to apply neural networks and fuzzy logic in power electronics, motor drives and renewable energy systems. He is co-author of the book Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy (Wiley 2006), now in the second edition.

Felix A. Farret is co-author of the book Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy (Wiley 2006, now in the second edition). Currently he is a Professor in the Department of Processing Energy, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. Since 1974, he has taught undergraduate and graduate courses and has been conducting research and development in industrial electronics and alternative energy sources.

Foreword xi

Preface xiii

1 Introduction to Electrical Engineering Simulation 1

1.1 Fundamentals of State-Space-Based Modeling 4

1.2 Example of Modeling an Electrical Network 6

1.3 Transfer Function 9

1.3.1 State Space to Transfer Function Conversion 10

1.4 Modeling and Simulation of Energy Systems and Power Electronics 12

1.5 Suggested Problems 18

Further Reading 25

2 Analysis of Electrical Circuits with Mesh and Nodal Analysis 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Solution of Matrix Equations 28

2.3 Laboratory Project : Mesh and Nodal Analysis of Electrical Circuits with Superposition Theorem 29

2.4 Suggested Problems 37

References 40

Further Reading 40

3 Modeling and Analysis of Electrical Circuits with Block Diagrams 43

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Laboratory Project: Transient Response Study and Laplace Transform-Based Analysis Block Diagram Simulation 45

3.3 Comparison with Phasor-Based Steady-State Analysis 52

3.4 Finding the Equivalent Thèvenin 54

3.5 Suggested Problems 56

Further Reading 58

4 Power Electronics: Electrical Circuit-Oriented Simulation 61

4.1 Introduction 61

4.2 Case Study: Half-Wave Rectifier 67

4.3 Laboratory Project: Electrical Circuit Simulation Using PSIM and Simscape Power Systems MATLAB Analysis 72

4.4 Suggested Problems 79

Further Reading 81

5 Designing Power Electronic Control Systems 83

5.1 Introduction 83

5.1.1 Control System Design 85

5.1.2 Proportional–Integral Closed-Loop Control 86

5.2 Laboratory Project: Design of a DC/DC Boost Converter Control 89

5.2.1 Ideal Boost Converter 89

5.2.2 Small Signal Model and Deriving the Transfer Function of Boost Converter 90

5.2.3 Control Block Diagram and Transfer Function 93

5.3 Design of a Type III Compensated Error Amplifier 95

5.3.1 K Method 95

5.3.2 Poles and Zeros Placement in the Type III Amplifier 96

5.4 Controller Design 97

5.5 PSIM Simulation Studies for the DC/DC Boost Converter 99

5.6 Boost Converter: Average Model 99

5.7 Full Circuit for the DC/DC Boost Converter 103

5.8 Laboratory Project: Design of a Discrete Control in MATLAB Corunning with a DC Motor Model in Simulink 107

5.9 Suggested Problems 112

References 116

Further Reading 116

6 Instrumentation and Control Interfaces for Energy Systems and Power Electronics 117

6.1 Introduction 117

6.1.1 Sensors and Transducers for Power Systems Data Acquisition 118

6.2 Passive Electrical Sensors 119

6.2.1 Resistive Sensors 119

6.2.2 Capacitive Sensors 121

6.2.3 Inductive Sensors 123

6.3 Electronic Interface for Computational Data in Power Systems and Instrumentation 125

6.3.1 O perational Amplifiers 125

6.4 Analog Amplifiers for Data Acquisition and Power System Driving 125

6.4.1 Level Detector or Comparator 126

6.4.2 Standard Differential Amplifier for Instrumentation and Control 127

6.4.3 O ptically Isolated Amplifier 128

6.4.4 The V–I Converter of a Single Input and Floating Load 130

6.4.5 Schmitt Trigger Comparator 131

6.4.6 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) 131

6.4.7 Phase Shifting 131

6.4.8 Precision Diode, Precision Rectifier, and the Absolute Value Amplifier 134

6.4.9 High-Gain Amplifier with Low-Value Resistors 136

6.4.10 Class B Feedback Push–Pull Amplifiers 137

6.4.11 Triangular Waveform Generator 137

6.4.12 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 138

6.5 Laboratory Project: Design a PWM Controller with Error Amplifier 140

6.6 Suggested Problems 140

References 145

7 Modeling Electrical Machines 147

7.1 Introduction to Modeling Electrical Machines 147

7.2 Equivalent Circuit of a Linear Induction Machine Connected to the Network 148

7.3 PSIM Block of a Linear IM Connected to the Distribution Network 150

7.4 PSIM Saturated IM Model Connected to the Distribution Network 152

7.5 Doubly Fed Induction Machine Connected to the Distribution Network 154

7.6 DC Motor Powering the Shaft of a Self-Excited Induction Generator 156

7.7 Modeling a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) 158

7.8 Modeling a Saturated Transformer 158

7.9 Laboratory Project: Transient Response of a Single-Phase Nonideal Transformer for Three Types of Power Supply—Sinusoidal, Square Wave, and SPWM 158

7.10 Suggested Problems 169

References 175

Further Reading 175

8 Stand-Alone and Grid-Connected Inverters 177

8.1 Introduction 177

8.2 Constant Current Control 181

8.3 Constant P–Q Control 182

8.4 Constant P–V Control 183

8.5 IEEE 1547 and Associated Controls 184

8.6 P+Resonant Stationary Frame Control 187

8.7 Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) for Grid Synchronization 188

8.8 Laboratory Project: Simulation of a Grid-Connected/Stand-Alone Inverter 190

8.9 Suggested Problems 197

References 199

Further Reading 201

9 Modeling Alternative Sources of Energy 203

9.1 Electrical Modeling of Alternative Power Plants 203

9.2 Modeling a Photovoltaic Power Plant 204

9.3 Modeling an Induction Generator (IG) 205

9.4 Modeling a SEIG Wind Power Plant 207

9.5 Modeling a DFIG Wind Power Plant 208

9.6 Modeling a PMSG Wind Power Plant 208

9.7 Modeling a Fuel Cell Stack 211

9.8 Modeling a Lead Acid Battery Bank 215

9.9 Modeling an Integrated Power Plant 219

9.10 Suggested Problems 224

References 225

10 Power Quality Analysis 227

10.1 Introduction 227

10.2 Fourier Series 231

10.3 Discrete Fourier Transform for Harmonic Evaluation of Electrical Signals 237

10.3.1 Practical Implementation Issues of DFT Using FFT 237

10.4 Electrical Power and Power Factor Computation for Distorted Conditions 239

10.5 Laboratory Project: Design of a DFT-Based Electrical Power Evaluation Function in MATLAB 242

10.6 Suggested Problems 250

References 253

Further Reading 253

11 From PSIM Simulation to Hardware Implementation in DSP 255
Hua Jin

11.1 Introduction 255

11.2 PSIM Overview 255

11.3 From Analog Control to Digital Control 257

11.4 Automatic Code Generation in PSIM 264

11.4.1 TI F28335 DSP Peripheral Blocks 265

11.4.2 Adding DSP Peripheral Blocks 266

11.4.3 Defining SCI Blocks for Real-Time Monitoring and Debugging 271

11.5 PIL Simulation with PSIM 272

11.6 Conclusion 275

References 278

Further Reading 278

12 Digital Processing Techniques applied to Power Electronics 279
Danilo Iglesias Brandão and Fernando Pinhabel Marafão

12.1 Introduction 279

12.2 Basic Digital Processing Techniques 280

12.2.1 Instantaneous and Discrete Signal Calculations 280

12.2.2 Derivative and Integral Value Calculation 280

12.2.3 Moving Average Filter 282

12.2.4 Laboratory Project: Active Current Calculation 286

12.3 Fundamental Component Identification 287

12.3.1 IIR Filter 288

12.3.2 FIR Filter 290

12.3.3 Laboratory Project: THD Calculation 291

12.4 Fortescue’s Sequence Components Identification 293

12.4.1 Sequence Component Identification Using IIR Filter 296

12.4.2 Sequence Component Identification Using DCT Filter 297

12.4.3 Laboratory Project: Calculation of Negative- and Zero-Sequence Factors 298

12.5 Natural Reference Frame PLLs 300

12.5.1 Single-Phase PLL 301

12.5.2 Three-Phase PLL 302

12.5.3 Laboratory Project: Single-Phase PLL Implementation 303

12.5.4 Laboratory Project: Fundamental Wave Detector Based on PLL 306

12.6 MPPT Techniques 307

12.6.1 Perturb and Observe 310

12.6.2 Incremental Conductance 310

12.6.3 Beta Technique 312

12.6.4 Laboratory Project: Implementing the IC Technique 312

12.7 Islanding Detection 314

12.7.1 Laboratory Project: Passive Islanding Detection Based on IEEE Std. 1547 315

12.8 Suggested Problems 317

References 319

Index 321

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.